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Mendele Mocher Sforim
Mendele Mocher Sforim ((イディッシュ語:מענדעלע מוכר ספֿרים), (ヘブライ語:מנדלי מוכר ספרים)) (January 2, 1836, Kapyl – December 8, 1917 (), Odessa) (also known as Moykher, Sfarim; ; "Mendele the book peddler"), originally Sholem Yankev Abramovich ((イディッシュ語:שלום יעקב אַבראַמאָװיטש)) ((ロシア語:Соломон Моисеевич Абрамович) – ''Solomon Moiseyevich Abramovich'') or S. J. Abramowitch, was a Jewish author and one of the founders of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature.
==Youth==
Mendele was born to a poor family in Kapyl in Minsk Governorate. His father, Chaim Moyshe Broyde, died shortly after Mendele became a Bar Mitzvah. He studied in yeshiva in Slutsk and Vilna until he was 17; during this time he was a day-boarder under the system of ''Teg-Essen'', barely scraping by, and often hungry.
Mendele next traveled extensively around Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania at the mercy of an abusive beggar named Avreml Khromoy (Russian for "Avreml the Lame"; Avreml would later become the source for the title character of ''Fishke der Krumer'', ''Fishke the Lame''). In 1854, Mendele settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi, where he got to know writer and poet Avrom Ber Gotlober, who helped him to understand secular culture, philosophy, literature, history, Russian and other languages.
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